SAE AIR 4065 : 2012

PROPELLER/PROPFAN IN-FLIGHT THRUST DETERMINATION

SAE International

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FORWARD
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF FIGURES
TABLE OF TABLES
1 SCOPE
2 REFERENCES & NOMENCLATURE
  2.1 References
      2.1.1 Society of Automotive Engineers
      2.1.2 Other - Referenced
      2.1.3 Other - Non-Referenced
  2.2 Nomenclature
3 BASIC METHODOLOGY & INSTALLATIONS
  3.1 Thrust
      3.1.1 Traditional Thrust Definitions
      3.1.2 Practical Application of Thrust Definitions
      3.1.3 Propeller and Nacelle Installed on Aircraft
  3.2 Installed Thrust/Drag Accounting
      3.2.1 Podded Configuration
      3.2.2 Integrated Configuration
      3.2.3 Throttle Dependence Considerations
      3.2.4 Thrust/Drag Components
  3.3 Normalized Parameter Groupings & Definitions
      3.3.1 Propeller Related Items
      3.3.2 Engine/Core Related Items (Ref. AIR 1703)
  3.4 Propeller Thrust Method Options
      3.4.1 Map (J, Cp, Ct) Method
      3.4.2 'Theta' Method
4 THRUST PROJECTIONS TO FULL SCALE
  4.1 Projection of Model Performance Data to Full Scale
  4.2 Propeller Installation
      4.2.1 Isolated Powerplant with Uniform Onset Flow
      4.2.2 Methods of Quantifying
  4.3 Test Considerations
      4.3.1 Introduction
      4.3.2 Test Approach
      4.3.3 Candidate Test Methods
  4.4 Model Test Requirements
      4.4.1 Aerodynamic Performance Testing
      4.4.2 Flow Field Investigation
      4.4.3 Facility Considerations - Wind Tunnel Blockage
  4.5 Validation/Adjustment Techniques
      4.5.1 Outdoor Test
      4.5.2 Large Wind Tunnel Test
      4.5.3 Altitude Test Facility (ATF) Freejet Tests
      4.5.4 Full Scale Self-Powered Rig
      4.5.5 Aircraft Flight Tests
5 FLIGHT TEST APPLICATION SUGGESTIONS
  5.1 Fundamental Program Requirements
      5.1.1 Basic Analytical Model Requirements
      5.1.2 Basic Flight Test Program Requirements
  5.2 Flight Test Data Required
      5.2.1 Aircraft Aerodynamic Data
      5.2.2 Propulsion System Data
  5.3 Instrumentation Considerations
  5.4 Flight Test Methods
      5.4.1 Cruise Speed/Power Flight Test, Steady State
            Cruise
      5.4.2 Climb Tests
      5.4.3 Descent (Including Feathered Descents)
      5.4.4 Level Acceleration Tests
      5.4.5 Other Tests
  5.5 Data Reduction Techniques
6 NOTES
  6.1 Revision
  6.2 Warnings/Cautions
  6.3 Other
  6.4 Keywords
APPENDIX A - Actuator Disk Theory and the Isolated Propeller
  A.1 Actuator Disk Theory
  A.2 The Isolated Propeller
APPENDIX B - Sample Calculation of Propfan Thrust
  B.1 Introduction
  B.2 Propulsion System Description
  B.3 Thrust/Drag Accounting Definition
  B.4 Measurements Recorded in Flight Test
  B.5 Model/Rig/Component Tests
      B.5.1 Propeller Model
      B.5.2 Engine Exhaust Nozzle Model
      B.5.3 Air/Oil Cooler Calibrations
  B.6 Engine Cycle Analysis
      B.6.1 Introduction
      B.6.2 Calculate Turbine Discharge P[T] and T[T]
      B.6.3 Calculate Power Extraction to Drive Propellers
  B.7 Numerical Example to Quantify and Sum Thrust/Drag
      Components
      B.7.1 Propeller Thrust Contribution
      B.7.2 Engine Inlet Ram Drag and Nozzle Jet Thrust
      B.7.3 Nacelle/Pylon and Nozzle Lobe Drag
      B.7.4 (Thrust-Drag) Contribution of Air/Oil Cooler
      B.7.5 Summation of Forces to Quantify Net Thrust
  B.8 Comparison of In-Flight Thrust Calculation to In-Flight
      Thrust Inferred from MD-80 Aircraft Characteristics
  B.9 References
APPENDIX C - In-Flight Thrust and Correlation Methodology Using
             Blade Angle Torque (Theta Method)
  C.1 Introduction
  C.2 Installation Effects
  C.3 Propeller Performance Based On Blade Pitch Angle
  C.4 Determination of Blade Pitch Angle In-Flight
  C.5 Overall Approach To In-Flight Thrust Based On Propeller
      Pitch Angle
  C.6 Conclusions
APPENDIX D - Wind Tunnel Testing Considerations
  D.1 Hard Wall Tunnels
  D.2 Slotted Wall Tunnels
  D.3 Porous Wall Tunnels
  D.4 Free-Jet Facilities
  D.5 Windtunnel Safety Considerations
      D.5.1 Aeroelastic Performance Testing
            D.5.1.1 Blade Vibratory Excitation
            D.5.1.2 Blade Deflection
            D.5.1.3 Methods of Establishing Blade Stress
            D.5.1.4 Airframe Considerations
            D.5 References
APPENDIX E - Blade Element Derivation for 'Theta' Method